Security Analysis: K9 Dogs saving life in Pakistan

Summary

It is claimed that now a day’s dogs are considered to be a very important pet for a security purpose. According to this survey almost 88 percent people wants to own a dog because of a growing needs of security issues. Also due to increase in terrorism the demand for trained dogs as also is enhancing to control any kind of critical situation 100 percent people in the questionnaire claims that dogs are trustworthy pet. Also 100% people agree that dog displays great valor and order to protect, save remain along side of their owner.

Conclusion

It is concluded from the above questionnaire that dogs are one of the most important element in security purpose and also the symbol of loyalty and bravery also people believe that there should be focus on the dog’s health and training session so that they can perform more efficiently.

(Sunil Jamil)

Television : News & Cartoons giving negative Affect in Kids Grooming

Television is affecting kids life

             Summary

Television promotes violence to some extent, if I talk about news channels or some reality shows yes they promote violence, and it is directly effecting our behaviors towards things, such as now if any suicide attack happens in the town then we do less care, because television already introduced a lot with graphics now it doesn’t affect any more, now caliber of our feelings is now very high, now if 400 kids died in the massacred of Peshawar school attack it matters to us because before this incident we saw bunch of people killed on television, in short,  television is taking our lives changing our behaviors our children feel scared while walking in the streets, they are afraid of walking in dark because television introduced them with horrific truth, and they were not ready to watch all those material.

 no one can stop children from watching television if we put some kind of lock on it, they will somehow find all those incidents through cartoon channels, yes my personal experience now cartoons also show porno things and bomb fights which is also effecting our kids, now if we talk about intruder is in the  house now our children suddenly react and say dad go ahead burst his wind pipe, shot him with sniper,  now what is this, where is the data coming from children’s mouth, there should be restriction on television channels of showing explicit material. In short now it is common or we can say it is late, we are already feed fully with all, and this generation cannot be stopped by all this I hope that we will be able to stop coming generation from this horrific material.

     Truth

Yes, this is the truth that we cannot stop our children’s or our self’s from televisions somehow it became or need,  we should must need alternative to overcome this problem, there are several other mediums through them we can also get informed from the outer world, news papers.

News papers are fine to some extent , children should attract toward paper reading it is good for their reading skills, or writing skills, we should more focus about saving our children’s from the horrific graphic and truths about real world till they are grownups.

I belief that those children’s who saw big things before time, it effect on their memory or behavior or personalities, it give deep impact on their skills, some time parents fight give deep depression to the children’s because they are not ready to accept this behavior, but continuous fighting make the kids behavior abnormal, and kids starting fighting with their peers, and this stage end on joining suicide bombers gang.

If you feed up your children well, he will not look any where or seek anything.

          Conclusion

We should understand the feelings of kids, and must fulfill their need in proper time period, and do not give hard time when they are in the age of 5-15 this age is very sensitive, children learn in this stage, and pick everything which you do in front of them, and they do same when they entered in the adolescence.

Those children who got good families and brought up well, they do great in their liver and make strong career which makes them successful, but vise versa those children who brought up in mad atmosphere they will definitely do mad things in their life and will always annoys other people.  Now come to the point, television is affecting our children by social media, cartoon channels, adult websites, dramas, movies. And television is also taking kids away from their culture beliefs, norms, attributes, or especially far away from the religion.  If we look at the Europe side, children are not doing well, media destroyed their lives now they don’t lives in family or joint family system mostly they do not follow God, their belief is there is no God. They are living party life drugs, clubbing, alcohol, if we compare it to the Asia societies, people are still living in the family circles, and they are very much obedient to their parents, but time is not far when media will destroy them to, readers please understand the fact that media should be supportive medium we should not depend on it, when we will start depending on some things it destroy. We should make media in our control, we should create barriers which will benefit our society, I liked it when I saw on news that India is putting ban on websites, all sites who are showing news and informative data about ISIS is banned in the country, now at least people are feeling safe for time being their children’s walk freely in the streets, they are not afraid of any gang, because state is saving them from external forces, and do not letting their families know about bad happening our of their country.

Black Scorpions: Now worth more than Diamond, now caught and sold in Pakistan

(Heterometrus longimanus, of the family Scorpionidae)

                                          Background

Thata/Karachi: The Hetrometrus (Black scorpions) now considered being on the most dangerous anthropods creature in the country, There was a dark time period in the past when people saw this creature in their surroundings, they usually killed them on the spot. But I guess time never stay same for everyone, now if people of sindh find black scorpion weight 40-70 grams above in their fields or streets, abandoned places now they prefer to caught them alive.

According to our source the sindh black market trade of black and yellow scorpions is at peak. Catching a scorpion is not an easy task however people of sindh are now not afraid of catching these beautiful creatures. When the sun set in sindh the hunters come out with their ultra violet torches, because scorpions shine green or blue in the Ultra violet light and they can be easily identified in bushes of under the rocks or stones. People in the costal-belt of sindh still do it to get good money or some time earn lottery money, because weighing 60 grams can fetch at least $50,000.

PRICING

If your scorpion is 50-60 grams then it can fetch eye raising figures within a seconds because of their huge demand globally, and if some how you got scorpion weighing 100grams, is literally worth more than its weight in gold, diamonds.

                                                                 Hunters

People who hunt scorpions they leave their house after sun set in search of black sand, in the search of scorpions it can take 6-8 hours in the search, according to the one hunter ‘’M’’ he said hunting is fun going out in desert of forests because in return we earn good amount of money. And he also confirmed that it not a one man show, it’s a team work they used to go on hunt in the shape of teams.

Their main source of finding a scorpions is ultra violet torch light which helps to find this beautiful creature, they shine blue or green in the light of UV, below you can see in the picture scorpion is shinning bright in the darkness, because of ultra violet light.

Now in sindh when father go out for hunt, children pray to God please provide big black scorpion to my father, but now question which raise over here, if people keep on hunting this creature is it good ? are they destroying this creature, because if they on doing this trafficking that day is not so far when it will be extinct from motherland.

According to our resources most of the politicians also invested heavy amount of money in this business, farmers are also in this business, and the buyers of Swedish, America, Australian and 

Level 1 Venom : Scorpion (Hadogenes paucidens) Part I

Hadogenes paucidens

The Flat Rock Scorpions (Hadogenes species) These are the longest scorpions in the discovered species of scorpions, their length is to 19 or 21 cm. most of the Males have very longer tails as compared to the females. These scorpions are actually belongs or you can say native to the southern Africa and they like dry climate. As their name suggests, they are very flat, allowing them to fit into small crevices. Hadogenes. have a tendency to climb and can be somewhat defensive. So if you are planning to keep them in small box less than 10 gallons then it’s a bad choice try to give big space and they prefer dry atmosphere Although they usually don't sting, they can give a painful pinch which can long 1hour or more. However, they have mild venom and make good pets for beginner and expert scorpion keepers. 

Top ten University of Pakistan 2015

                 

    Information about university of Pakistan

Top ten University of Pakistan 1 Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 2 Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences 3 Aga Khan University, Karachi 4 University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 5 University of The Punjab, Lahore 6 National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) 7 Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 8 University of Health Sciences, Lahore 9 COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Islamabad 10 Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore

 Enrollment at Universities/DAI + Constituent Colleges Classified by Sector

Year	Distance Learning	Public	Private	Total
2001-02	89749	142652	43873	276274
2002-03	108709	167775	55261	331745
2003-04	159257	202871	61108	423236
2004-05	187559	204708	65375	457642
2005-06 (p)	199660	242879	78934	521473
2006-07 (p)	272272	276226	91563 p	640061
2007-08 (p)	305962	331664	103466p	741092
2008-09 (p)	339704	348434	115369p	803507

Honesty is the best policy

Many people believe that honesty is the best policy.

In your opinion, is it ever okay to lie?

 Explain your answer using specific reasons and examples

 

Honesty

Honesty is the qualitative element of the human nature, in our society’s honesty has deep impact. Because people judge each other with these attributes, such as honest, wise, optimistic on human nature. Person who posses this element known as wise men. People trust that person or share their deep feelings or confessions with that person.

 

Honesty is the best policy?

Well, on this platform I am not here to teach you, I am here to give analysis about my experiences regarding honesty.

Honesty is the best policy so far. We say good person always stay honest.

According to the my point of view people should stay honest in their lives, because lie is like an Insect who eat your happiness from your life it have long-term effects in your live, you will not see the outcome of your lye, opposite of honesty is lie. And lie is the root of bigger issues, such as depression and PTSD, people who never stay honest with each other they always have disputes among them, for the short time period they feel good, but after a period they feel guilty about it and it’s not good.

I would like to give you some examples of our relationships.

1.     If a man starts dating with a girl and they share each and every thing about their personal lives, if one of them is lying about their personal data, no one will know the reality, but one person is lying to another for the sake of sex etc.but after a passage of time when one of them will fall in love. Obviously that person will tell the trust which he or she was hiding back in time. But at that stage it will late, because relationship is like a thread if your rule it with lie it will stretch and will be cutted forever and some break up never tied up again properly they gap which came in to them always stay, and create situation of not to trust, fear of being dumped again. Here comes the self-esteem issue which is the element of human nature. And it leads to the big destruction of life.

2.     If a person always speak lie with every one, then no one will trust that individual may be at some point of life where his or her life will be at stake then no one will going to trust that person,

Everyone will think in another perspective that this person never stays honest then how come we should trust.

PresentationL Communicating with Body Language

Communicating with Body Language

Always speaker feel nervous when about to start presentation. And it is not a weird symptom it is natural reaction because every one sitting in front of stage is looking at the speaker you need to communicate is a feeling of confidence and relaxation. Your body can help you to do this. The clothes you wear, the way you stand or walk, your facial expressions, your hand and arm movements - these are the language of your body, your body language.

Body language communicates 70% of your message. Even when you are not speaking, even before you start speaking, your body is communicating to your audience.

Actors use body language very effectively. They cannot act without body language. Every time you watch a film on television or in the cinema, you are watching actors using body language to convey a particular character, an emotion, a feeling, a situation.

·        First of all, your appearance (clothes, hair etc)

For a speaker it is very important to look good, wear good presentable suiting, hairs should be gelled and your shave should be shaved properly.

·        Smile

Smile is the very essential element of the presentation, it create friendly understanding between speaker and audience, listener feel free during speech and then they feel free to ask any question in which they feel they are not cleared, and it finished the communication barrier between speaker and audience, speaker can convey all message and can also persuade whatever speaker want to do.

·        Do not lean on the podium or table. Leaning on a support suggests to your audience that you are weak or nervous. And it creates awkwardness in the atmosphere, and a show that may be speaker is not good enough to speak or may be speaker is not speaker truth to the audience it raises many possibilities.

·        Continue to smile slightly at the beginning of your presentation. Then become gradually a little more serious as you tell your audience what you are going to talk about the topic, because excess of anything is bad, if you will smile too much during a presentation it will give bad impact, people will think that the speaker is having some issue, maybe he is not serious enough about the topic.

·        Do not point your finger at the audience. This can seem very aggressive. May be audience will feel bad, or at that point may be your finger toward some specific individual can create fight in auditorium, or can create huge communication barrier between speakers audience, and may be they will not listen to the speaker and ignore whatever he or she is conveying, so make your presence worth by acting on these tools,  If you want to use your hands, show your open palms with your hands spread wide. This is generally an appealing, positive gesture.

·        Use occasional arm movements to underline important points. If you wave your arms around all the time, you will simply distract your audience. You should use your hands gestures just to communicate or to create understanding what your are trying to say to the audience, and moving arms can show your interest and grip to the issue, that you are serious and you have all facts and can answer all the questions the occasional arm movement can be useful in stressing something important.

Immigration of USA for a better Living

Background

As a human being we all are seeking for better living and secured surroundings and inhabitants, this not the extra demand by any one, this is the nature of the human being. Living in united states is something people always prefers whether they are from Europe, Canada specially Asian people,  reason behind the popularity of US in Asia countries is the security of life and benefits, as Asian I see daily bomb blasts, inflation and low level medical facilities, this situation is happening all over the globe, but thanks to the media now we came to know that America is the place for secure living people get equal rights, they are not afraid of inflation, government supports them as much as they can, disable people get benefits from the national treasury ministry. Yes that’s why people of other continents say some time that United States of America is the best country in the world. Yes as Pakistani national I believe that America is very good place to settle.

If we see this case in the light of Maslow’s theory, as Maslow said that every human being have some common need which he or she follows throughout their life, and these need are very important and plays vital role in the life, and they can never change its worth. And they directly impact on the behavior, psychology, humor, personality, of a person,.

Physiological

Physiological need is the basic one,   in this person always looks for food and home this is main first goal of a man, in this stage individual find sources to survive, such a finding a good job, bank balance, and keeping funds for the difficult time.

Safety

Second stage is when person got roof and food, then he started to find a secure place, where he can keep all his belongings safe and secure, its just like a animal when they got extra food then they started to find secure holes where they can assure the security where no other predator or terrorist can come and whatever they are hiding.

Human beings are no different from them they also seek safety for their family and love ones. Maslow’s mentioned in their model that safety play fundamental role in the need of the human being. Human being always migrate that place where they do not feel secure, same situation here in this era. Every one to rush to the America because they don’t feel secure in their country, and because of the terror situation they find America the safest places in the world. Where they can actually get legal rights. Yes I think security is the one major reason for people attracting towards America. Some people also called America the land of the opportunities.

Social

In the third stage ‘’social’ it actually means in this model that after getting money, roof, food, and security. Person started to think about him or herself, yes it is a human behavior.  Seriously I am talking about dating aspect in this scenario well, Maslow is not wrong.

  in developing states normally people stop at 2^nd stage security, and money, because they never get out of misery they cannot even enjoy so how they can be creative.  Social gathering are strong in our societies because of our family systems,  but people cannot do socializing much out of their family much because they don’t have income security that’s why they always stayed in limited socialize environment.

Self actualizing

In this final stage when person got everything he wanted, he earned from his or her hard work then he planned to give others from his well, he started to share his knowledge or funds for the betterment of other. In fact there are two aspects of this stages some people took it in positive way such as Mr. bill gates likes he is one of the richest person on this planet earth and he is at the position of self actualizing state, and he is giving money to needy one, he is the donor of all African countries, he is the one who donates first to the people when they are in state of need. Yes this type of self-actualizing is the positive one.

But on the other hand there is another kind of self-actualizing in this I want to code an example of smugglers like they are also rich in the world but their need of money never full filled they always wanted to earn more and more at last breathe.  Yes we can say that they never feel that there are in the state of self actualizing, this psychological essence in them or they do not want to give away money to the needy ones.

Conclusion

Conclusion is this people go there where they get better life in any form, or according to their specific needs, and this is human nature no one wants to live in the pathetic conditions. People preferring USA these days because in their active memory or passive analysis in daily life they found America is heaven on earth. And according to the survey’s  they are quite right at the movement, by the way regime changes with the passage of time, needs change with the passage of time, but human nature never changes, always your genes effect or defect your behavior.

Human nature is the one heated debate topic some people says human nature changes according to the specific environment, but some scientist or psychiatrists says that human nature is the one element of whole human aspects which can never be change, it is chain of the family tree which passes from generation to the generations. This is the law of this universe child inherit from his mother and father.

CSR ANALYSIS: Toward Development &Help Business socially responsible By Sunil

Do you think CSR can genially contribute towards an ethical and pro poor development and help business be more socially responsible? Why or why not?

This essay deals with the explanation of CSR and its components that how it affects development process and business. This essay highlights the views points of Friedman, Janisch, Willian B., Surabh Mishra and others. Their arguments show that CSR is itself a very significant and efficient paradigm but it is unable to play its role efficiently due to issues. Therefore it has not achieved its ultimate goal to construct developed society through businesses. It seems like all CSR experience has more negative aspects than its positive aspects. Therefore this essay explains that how actual CSR is not as beneficial as its idea; also it is unable to contribute towards ethical and pro poor development.

Corporate social responsibly is "the obligation to take action to protect and improve both the welfare of society as a whole and the interest of organizations”. CSR has emerged as obligatory priority for business leaders to respond new conditions and new challenges which might be related to economic, social, environmental and political problems in this global age. CSR is an effective management tool which intends to develop new kind of relationship between business and society that does not treat corporate growth and social welfare as a zero-sum game (Sanjeev Gupta and Nidhi Sharma, 2009). So CSR discourse is meant for poor and vulnerable people.

CSR, no doubt presents better idea of making this world better place for humanity and to help poor people. However many people argued that CSR contradicts business freedom. Friedman argued against CSR because it distracts business leaders to achieve their economic goals. According to him, the only social responsibility of business is to use its resources and engage in those activities which increase its profit. He called CSR a” fundamentally subversive doctrine” (Friedman, 1970). Business leaders’ consent to their CSR obligations is getting in the way of business success.  CSR is critical and controversial because for-profit sector is largest and most innovative part of free society’s economy. Also these businesses are primary delivery system for employment, food, housing, medicines and other necessities of life so they are already contributing towards the betterment of society (Willian B. Wether, Jr., David, 2010). Therefore this question arises sometimes that do these businesses have this duty beyond the benefits their economic success already provides?

Saurabh talks about both positive and negative aspects of CSR that how both aspects affects the financial situation of firms. Both positive and negative CSR is linked to particular risk of firms. Author analyzes the secondary information for firms from multiple industries over the years 2000-2009, which shows that positive CSR reduces the risk whereas negative CSR increases. Different results also showed that reduction in risk from positive CSR is not guaranteed. That’s why CSR is very complicated process which should be managed with great responsibility because it could change the whole essence by doing it with irresponsibility (Saurabh Mishra and Sachin B.Modi, 2013). The negative corporate practices give us an opportunity to have a more focused approach about CSR and to review implementation policies of CSR.

Ziva and Nurit examined leading Israeli companies that set out CSR in their organization. These selected organizations are considered to be leading in CSR and targeted different sectors including finance, communications, telecommunication, infrastructure, food waste management, agriculture and retail. In this case study they collected data from different points in time 2004 and 2008 by analyzing methodology, interviewing their CSR operators and observing impacts of CSR. According to their study  most companies representatives reported in 2004 that they had been involved in CSR activities in previous 3-5 years but ten companies had implemented only one CSR activity area, i.e. community involvement , also CSR was not part of managerial strategy. In 2008, the survey showed that some of these companies actually minimize their CSR activities due to various reasons. These reasons were like some of them decreased due to privatization or their representatives decided to contract out CSR. (Ziva Sharp, Nurit Zaidman, 2010). This research clearly show that by introducing just CSR without ensuring strong strategies and framework does not mean that now CSR could completely contribute towards development.

Janisch talks about CSR risks related to the stakeholder behaviors that can lead to negative economic consequences for a company and those consequences could affects that business. He describes it by giving example of case of Nestle. In 1970s and 1980s, Nestle was criticized by NGOs, government and media for selling baby milk powder in developing countries, but due to low and poor quality of water in these developing countries, also the mothers were uneducated and illiterate. This causes the death of those babies. As a result Nestle faced severe consequences like reputation damage and financial loss as its consumer boycott Nestle products (Janisch, 1992). It shows that companies who are trying to apply CSR should have bottom up approaches or they should apply it after effective evaluation and assessment of a society, as it is cleared that CSR is very complicated process. Manuela also relates different examples of CSR failure in different businesses because according to her, current CSR and sustainability research lacks systematic and company-specific methods to evaluate CSR activities. CSR companies have to be more efficient in their work (Weber, 2008)

Mc Williams also explains the negative type CSR which is followed by several companies just to fulfill certain needs and requirement of it. These companies may show that they are doing CSR just for reputation enhancement or protection. Also CSR is a tool of corporate resources that would be better spent on valued-added internal projects. He also says that CSR is an executive perk in the sense that managers use it to advance their careers or other personal benefits and agendas (Abagail McWilliams, Patrick M. Wright, 2005). It means that CSR is also misuse by many companies; clearly when their work intension is not even good then how would it help in development.

By keeping all those aspects mentioned above, it is however difficult to analyze that to what extent CSR has succeeded to play its role in proper development. Mellissa argues that these contributions given directly to the communities lean to contribute less to sustainable development than investments in social development projects that improve the capability of community members to help themselves. In short this kind of help may for the time being improve the lives of recipients but it cannot assure their long-term needs. Moreover they are more likely to encourage dependency which definitely threatens community’s long-term self sustainability. She also explains that CSR tends to apply top-down approach but it should be bottom-up approach so that poor people could fully take advantages (Whellams, 2007). There should be specific CSR policy making to ensure long-term development for people. CSR framework and methodology is not for common people where it should involve poor people in process to have development.

It is concluded that the concept of CSR is not just all bad and unethical. Firstly, no wonder this CSR aims to have development through help of business. But there is a certain mindset of business leaders and companies (e.g. Friedman) which considered it as a unethical. For those CSR should not be imposed on them, it should be optional for every business company. Secondly, by analyzing the data of past experience and exercise of CSR, the reports are not satisfactory because of certain flaws in either strategy or framework. Also CSR has been misused by many companies; if we deal it properly results could be better. CSR should look for sustainable development and they should invest their money in capacity building projects for long-term achievements. It should be participatory and bottom-up approach. So CSR is not that much efficient and make businesses responsible because if it does, than developing countries and poor people get better living standards. Therefore Corporate Social Responsibility has to be more responsible and accountable if it wants to achieve development.

                                                                                                                                                           

Marxism: Analyze the contemporary Pakistani Society

Marxism or new Marxism which one you think is a better way to analyze the contemporary Pakistani society and why?

Marxism and neo Marxism are basically two different systems in conditions of their ideologies, Marxism aims at bringing impartiality among poorer and rich and decisively believe in the implementation of its theoretical explanation. According to the Marxist’s theorist’s most of the social problems basically arises from the class inequalities. According to the Marxist’s point of view a system of haves and have-nots may be profitable to the haves but often interpret into poverty for the have-nots. However on the other hand neo-Marxism is a loose term with no single definition and set to fit in several ideas and philosophies of Marxism including its critical theory as well. Neo- Marxism is a kind of an extension to the Marxist theory; it is a combination of a range of 20^th century schools of thoughts that alter Marxist theory. Both these theories Marxism and neo-Marxism are essential to understand in order to deeply learn the dynamics about the society.

Neo-Marxist basically argues that Marx ignored the dialectical processes and saw economic sector as preeminent, Neo Marxism emerged because of some inherent flaws in classical Marxism. Neo Marxist sees imperialism as accountable for underdevelopment. Sometimes neo Marxism is used in a sense that describes a kind of opposition to the ideologies of the leading Marxist truths. Marx argued that as a result of capitalism two classes emerge in as society i.e. bourgeoisie and proletariat however neo Marxist argued that there are more than two classes in a society, and they argue in their dependency theories that it is the west which is keeping the third world under developed. Most of the ideas in the neo Marxism were developed by Weber and he defined the status group as “the group of people who own generally the same amount of symbolic and social capital in the community”. So this basically means that it is not only the bourgeoisie who exploit the have-nots but also those people belonging to the high status group play a major role in the exploitation of working class.

According to my point of view I think that it is really hard to bring the Marxist revolution in Pakistan of 21^st century, as things have changed now our economic structure has intensely rooted in capitalism and privatization, also in the name of globalization western world is reinforcing their policies. While analyzing the current situation of Pakistan, Pakistan has a huge agricultural sector and on the other hand there is a growing industrial sector as well so it is really difficult to bring Marxist’s revolution in the 21^st century of Pakistan.

So it is concluded that, it is really difficult to apply the Marxist ideas in the present world because over the period of time things have totally changed, now the economic structure of the countries have been changed, they are now in the favor of privatization and capitalism whereas Marxist theory was against the system of capitalism because for Marx the system of capitalism is exploitative for the working class. While on the other hand I think that the circumstances of Pakistan in 21^st century can be best understood in reference to the neo Marxism and for me neo – Marxist’s ideas are applicable in the present world.

Pakistan: POVERTY ALLEVAITION

DEBT

THE FIRST

5,000 YEARS

DAVID GRAEBER

In this chapter author discusses debt and the moral confusion attached to the debt in present age. He started his argument by discussing a meeting with an anti-poverty activist and in conversation with her he told her that he is anti-globalization activist and his achievement is the destruction of IMF but he found out that lady is unaware of role of IMF then he explained her the role of IMF and its operations and history that how this institution is making the conditions of third world worst. He mentioned their role during economic crises of 70’s and how the interest rate has increased over the period of time which is not letting the poor countries to come out of this curse of indebtness. But the activist was of the view that poor nations must pay their debts as it is their responsibility as “one has to pay one’s debts”. The author builds his argument on this phrase and he argued that it is a moral statement not an economic one but its implications are not applicable to all.
Morality related to debt is defined by the powerful in history, as the one who lends money is always powerful in some way than debtors and some kind of violence is also associated it with the moneylending practices. He mentioned example of Madagascar where France after invasion introduces taxes for building bridges and plantations etc and they told Malagasy people that they owed money to France and those people are facing those debts till now. So debt is always justified as ‘victor’s justice’ but this is not the case in Haiti’s situation because they were unwanted winners when they resisted against France and they won but France put sanctions on them and make them debtors by accusing them for destruction of plantations etc. and international community also sided with France on this. So throughout history, certain sorts of debt, and certain sorts of debtor, have always been treated differently than others.
Author stresses on the history of human kind as he argued that in past we see that wars, rebels of slaves were the ways through which the people want to get rid of debt and ensure even distribution of land. Rich always lend money to the people in extreme poverty and on very strict conditions sometimes people owe their lives to the creditors.
If one looks at the history of debt, then, what one discovers first of all is profound moral confusion. There are two arguments related to this i) paying back borrowed money is a matter of morality ii) anybody in the habit of lending money is an evil. Jean-Claude Galey explains the latter opinion by giving example from Himalayas where people living in extreme poverty have to do the menial jobs for those to whom they owe money. And during weddings and funerals on which high amount is needed situations got worse when high caste moneylenders ask for the daughters as security and in some cases the bride herself. It seems immoral, unjust but nobody use to say a word because according to them it was just as things go that way in their areas. So the powerful has its own meaning of justifying things and there is a great moral confusion associated with the debt, debtors and the creditors so according to author global institutions like the IMF designed to protect not debtors, but creditors. After reading the chapter and the closely analyzing the author stance I consider myself very confused regarding debt and the ways it has been defined and linked with the morality. Debt is always for those are suppressed and who have no voice and are weak in one way or the other throughout the history, as we seen the case of Haiti the people there were weaker than France so they remained debtor even after their victory. But France has remained a colonizer and it was a powerful nation throughout the history so it was successful in putting pressure on Haiti people with the help of international community. In my opinion paying one’s debt is not a matter of morality but one is forced to pay the debts otherwise one has to face worst consequences, of moneylenders are not the evil one’s the scenario would be different throughout the history, and it is not only the actual amount which one has to pay but the heavy interest rates are also to be paid which sometimes exceeds the actual or principle amount. IMF is doing the same those nations who owed money to IMF are trapped in a vicious circle and they are not able to come out of it after so many years.
In my opinion rules of the games are set by those who are in power not by the principles of morality or if they are being set by the principles of morality then morality is not universal, it has different implications for poor and rich. History tells us the same story that the rule of might is always right whatever has been told or decided by the powerful ones is always right.
I would conclude this by arguing that one has to pay his debts is not amoral statement but a statement which has different definitions in different context, if the country like Pakistan owed money to America Pakistan HAS to pay its debts but if AMERICA owes something to PAKISTAN then it is not necessary to apply the same statement on them and the difference between two countries is that America is the economically and militarily more stronger than Pakistan. So paying one’s debt is not issue of morality but it is embedded in the power structures.